Benedictine Saints

Blessed Hedwig Of Hreford

Feast: September 13

Blessed Hedwig of Hreford, also known as Hadwigis of Hreford, was a Benedictine nun and the abbess of Hreford in Westphalia, which is a part of modern-day Germany. She was born in an undisclosed year...

Blessed Henry Of Albano

Feast: July 4

Blessed Henry of Albano, also known as Henricus Gallus, was a renowned figure in the Catholic Church during the 12th century. He was born in France, although the exact date and location of his birth...

Blessed Henry Of Zweifalten

Feast: November 4

Blessed Henry of Zweifalten, also known as Heinrich or Heinricus von Zweifalten, was a Benedictine monk who lived in the medieval period. He is associated with the monastery of Zwiefalten, located in...

Blessed Henry The Hagiographer

Feast: June 24

Blessed Henry The Hagiographer, also known as Heric, was a notable figure in the Catholic Church as a Benedictine monk and headmaster of the monastic school at Saint-Germain d’Auxerre. He is...

Blessed Herman Of Heidelberg

Feast: September 3

Blessed Herman of Heidelberg, also known as Herman of Niederaltaich, was a Benedictine monk who lived in the 14th century. Not much is known about his early life, including his birthdate, but he is...

Blessed Herman Of Zahringen

Feast: March 25

Blessed Herman of Zahringen, also known as Herman I of Baden or Herman I, Margrave of Baden, was a member of the nobility and the Margrave of Zahringen. However, he decided to abandon his esteemed...

Blessed Hesso Of Beinwil

Feast: December 27

Blessed Hesso Of Beinwil, also known as Esso, Esson, or Hesson, was a Benedictine monk who played a significant role in the establishment of the abbey in Beinwil, Switzerland. While not much specific...

Blessed Hugh Of Bonnevaux

Feast: April 1

Blessed Hugh of Bonnevaux, also known as Ugo, was a prominent figure in the medieval Catholic Church. He was born around 1120 in Châteauneuf d’Isère, Valence, Dråme, France, to a noble family. Hugh...

Blessed Hugh Of Macon

Feast: October 10

Blessed Hugh of Macon, also known as Hugh of Pontigny, was a Cistercian Benedictine monk who played a significant role in the ecclesiastical history of France during the 12th century. He was born in...

Blessed Hugh Of Marchiennes

Feast: June 11

Blessed Hugh of Marchiennes, also known as Hugh of Tournai, was born in Tournai, Belgium, in an unknown year. Little is known about his early life and family background. He received his education at...

Blessed Hugh Of Ostia

Feast: December 1

Blessed Hugh of Ostia, also known as Hugh of Châlons, Hugh Ostiensis, or Hugh the Confessor, was born in the diocese of Beauvais, France, around the year 1100. He came from a noble French background...

Blessed Humbert Of Clairvaux

Feast: December 7

Blessed Humbert of Clairvaux, also known as Humbert of Igny, was a Benedictine monk and the trusted associate of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. He was born in an unknown year and dedicated his life to...

Blessed Ida Of Argensolles

Feast: January 13

Blessed Ida of Argensolles, also known as Ida of Liege, was a Benedictine nun and prominent figure in the Catholic Church during the 13th century. She was born in an unknown year and dedicated her...

Blessed Ida Of Louvain

Feast: April 13

Blessed Ida of Louvain, also known as Ida of Rossendael, was a Cistercian Benedictine nun hailing from the town of Louvain in France. Although not much is known about her early life, it is believed...

Blessed Ida Of Nivelles

Feast: December 12

Blessed Ida of Nivelles, also known as Saint Ida, was born around 1190 in Nivelles, Belgium. At the young age of sixteen, she joined the Benedictine Cistercians at Kerkheim in Leuven, Belgium. Later...

Blessed Ignacealexandrejoseph Cardon

Feast: May 16

Blessed Ignacealexandrejoseph Cardon, also known as Brother Simèon-Marie or Simeone Maria Cardon, was a Benedictine monk and martyred Catholic priest. Born in Cambrai, Nord, France, he entered...

Blessed Imana Of Loss

Feast: October 21

Blessed Imana of Loss, also known as Himmanna, Imaina, or Imaine, was a Cistercian Benedictine nun who served as the abbess at Salzinnes in Namur, France, and later at Flines in the diocese of...

Blessed Irmengard

Feast: July 16

Blessed Irmengard, also known as Ermengarda or Irmengarda, was a Princess born into a noble lineage as one of the eight children of King Louis the German and Hemma. She was a descendant of the great...

Blessed James Of Certaldo

Feast: April 13

Blessed James of Certaldo, also known as Jacopo Guidi, was born in Certaldo, Italy as Jacopo Guidi. He was the son of a knight from Volterra, a town in modern-day Italy. Inspired by his family's deep...

Blessed Janina Gabriel

Feast: September 24

Blessed Janina Gabriel , Benedictine abbess of Lviv, founder of Benedicine Sisters of Charity At Rome, Blessed Janina Gabriel , abbess, who ruled the monastery of Lviv, but, unjustly slandered, came...

Blessed Jaume Caballé Bru

Feast: August 28

Blessed Jaume Caballé Bru, also known as Domingo, was a Catholic priest and a member of the Benedictine Solesmes Congregation. He was born on May 25, 1883, in Villalba de los Arcos, Tarragona, Spain....

Blessed Jaume Vendrell Olivella

Feast: July 25

Blessed Jaume Vendrell Olivella, also known as Brother Bernat, was a devoted member of the Benedictine Subiaco Congregation, born on June 29, 1878, in San Esteve d’Ordal, Barcelona, Spain. He...

Blessed Jean Bassano

Feast: August 26

Blessed Jean Bassano was a Canon regular and a Celestine Benedictine at Paris, France. He was born in 1360 in Besançon, France, and lived a life dedicated to the service of God and his Church....

Blessed Jean Of Caramola

Feast: August 26

Blessed Jean of Caramola, also known as Giovanni of Caramola, was born around 1280 in Toulouse, France. In the year 1300, which was declared a Holy Year, he moved to Italy and began his spiritual...

Blessed Jerome Of Vallumbrosa

Feast: June 18

Blessed Jerome of Vallumbrosa, also known simply as Jerome, was a Benedictine Vallumbrosan monk and a renowned hermit who lived a life of extreme austerity and devotion. Although limited information...

Blessed Joan Costa Canal

Feast: July 28

Blessed Joan Costa Canal, also known as Father Odiló Maria, was a Spanish priest and member of the Benedictine Subiaco Congregation. He was born on December 13, 1905, in Vic, Barcelona, Spain....

Blessed Johanna Of Cáceres

Feast: December 8

Blessed Johanna of Cáceres, also known as Johanna of Saint Benedict, was a Benedictine Cistercian nun who lived in the 14th century in Cáceres, a city in western Spain. Born around this time, Johanna...

Blessed John Angelus

Feast: January 31

Blessed John Angelus, also known as John Angelus of Venice, was a devout Benedictine monk at the Pomposa Abbey, located in the diocese of Ferrara, Italy. He was born in Venice, Italy, and dedicated...

Blessed John Beche

Feast: December 1

Blessed John Beche, also known as Thomas Marshall, was a prominent figure in the Catholic Church during the tumultuous times of the English Reformation. Born in England, little is known about his...

Blessed John Eustace

Feast: September 20

Blessed John Eustace, also known as John Eustace of Mons, was a renowned Canon Regular who dedicated his life to the service of God and the Church. Born in an unknown year, he entered the religious...

Blessed John Morosini

Feast: February 5

Blessed John Morosini, also known as Beatus John Morosini, was a Benedictine monk who played a significant role in the establishment and development of the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore in...

Blessed John Of Cupramontana

Feast: April 11

Blessed John of Cupramontana, also known as John of Massaccio, was a Benedictine Camaldolese monk-hermit who lived in a cave at Cupramontana, Ancona, Italy, on Mount Massaccio. He is recognized for...

Blessed John Of Ghent

Feast: September 29

Blessed John of Ghent, also known as the Hermit of Saint Claude, was a Benedictine monk at the Abbey of Sainte-Claude in the Jura Mountains. Unfortunately, very little information is available about...

Blessed John Of Gracedieu

Feast: April 20

Blessed John of Gracedieu, also known as John of Grace-Dieu, was a Benedictine Cistercian monk who was born in an unknown year. Not much is known about his early life and background. As a young man,...

Blessed John Of Montfort

Feast: May 24

Blessed John of Montfort, also known as John de Montfort, was a remarkable figure in Catholic history as a Benedictine Knight Templar of Jerusalem. While information about his early life and birth...

Blessed John Of The Grating

Feast: February 1

Blessed John of the Grating, also known as Giovanni della Graticola, John of the Grate, and John of the Gridiron, was a Benedictine Cistercian monk hailing from Brittany, modern France. He was born...

Blessed John Of Vallombrosa

Feast: March 10

Blessed John of Vallombrosa, also known as John of the Holy Trinity or John of Celle, was a Benedictine Vallombrosan monk born around 1310 in Florence, Italy. He entered religious life and took the...

Blessed John Rainuzzi

Feast: June 8

Blessed John Rainuzzi, also known as Blessed Giovanni Rainuzzi, was a Benedictine monk who lived in the 14th century at Saint Margaret’s monastery in Todi, Italy. Despite limited information...

Blessed John Sordi

Feast: March 16

Blessed John Sordi, also known as John Cacciafronte, Giovanni de Surdis Cacciafronte, and John de Surdis, was a Benedictine monk at the abbey of Saint Lawrence in Cremona, Italy. Little is known...

Blessed John Thorne

Feast: November 15

Blessed John Thorne, also known as Blessed John Thorn or John Thorne of Glastonbury, was a Benedictine monk at the renowned Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset, England. He served as the abbey treasurer...

Blessed Jordan Forzatei

Feast: August 7

Blessed Jordan Forzatei, also known as Jordan of Padua, was born in 1158 in Padua, Italy. He entered the Benedictine order and became a monk at Padua. His dedication and piety quickly earned him...

Blessed Jordan Of Pulsano

Feast: September 5

Blessed Jordan of Pulsano, a devoted Benedictine monk of the monastery at Pulsano in Italy, dedicated his life to the contemplative and communal ideals of the Rule of Saint Benedict. He was...

Blessed Joscius Roseus

Feast: November 30

Blessed Joscius Roseus, also known as Joscius of Saint Bertin, Josbert, Joscio, and Valbebertus, was a Benedictine monk at Saint Bertin Abbey in the diocese of Arras, France. He is particularly...

Blessed José Antón Gómez

Feast: September 25

Blessed José Antón Gómez was born on 26 August 1878 in the town of Hacinas, Burgos, Spain. He entered the Benedictine Order and became a monk of the Solesmes Congregation. Throughout his life, he...

Blessed Josep Albareda Ramoneda

Feast: December 19

Blessed Josep Albareda Ramoneda, also known as Father Fulgenci, or Fulgenci Albareda i Ramoneda, was a Catholic priest and Benedictine monk hailing from the abbey of Montserrat in Barcelona, Spain....

Blessed Josep Maria Jordá I Jordá

Feast: July 26

Blessed Josep Maria Jordá i Jordá, also known as Josep Maria Jordá, was a devout Catholic and a member of the Benedictine Subiaco Congregation. He was born on 17 November 1884 in Tarragona, Spain,...

Blessed Joseph Of Freising

Feast: January 17

Blessed Joseph of Freising, also known as St. Joseph of Freising, was a renowned Benedictine monk and bishop. Little is known about his early life, including his full name and representation....

Blessed Julian Majali

Feast: October 4

Blessed Julian Majali was a Benedictine monk at the renowned San Martino delle Scale monastery in Sicily. He held the esteemed position of abbot and was known for his deep spiritual insight and...

Blessed Julio Fernández Muñiz

Feast: August 28

Blessed Julio Fernández Muñiz, also known as Ildefonso, was born on 24 June 1897 in Muros de Nalón, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. He was a devoted Catholic priest and a member of the Benedictine Solesmes...

Blessed Jutta Of Heiligenthal

Feast: November 29

Blessed Jutta of Heiligenthal, also known as Julitta of Heiligenthal, was a Benedictine Cistercian nun who made significant contributions to the religious and spiritual life of Germany in the 13th...

Blessed Konrad Ii Of Mondsee

Feast: January 16

Blessed Konrad II of Mondsee, also known as Konrad Bosinlother, Conrad, or Corrado, was born around the year 1100 in Trier, Germany. Little is known about his early life, but he eventually became a...

Blessed Lambert Péloguin Of Vence

Feast: May 26

Blessed Lambert Péloguin of Vence, also known as Lamberto, was born in 1084 in the small village of Bauduen, France. Tragically, his mother passed away during childbirth, leaving Lambert without a...

Blessed Leandro Cuesta Andrés

Feast: August 28

Blessed Leandro Cuesta Andrés, born on 30 March 1870 in Rupelo, Burgos, Spain, was a devoted Catholic priest and member of the Benedictine Solesmes Congregation. He lived during a tumultuous period...

Blessed Leo Ii Of Cava

Feast: August 19

Blessed Leo II of Cava, also known as Leonardo da Cava or Leonardo Caracciolo, was a Benedictine monk and the fourteenth abbot of the monastery of Cava de' Tirreni in Campania, Italy. He was chosen...

Blessed Leo Of Saintbertin

Feast: February 26

Blessed Leo of Saint-Bertin, also known as Leo de Saintbertin, was a Benedictine monk and renowned Abbot in medieval France and Belgium. He was born in unknown date and place, but his life and works...

Blessed León Alesanco Maestro

Feast: November 30

Blessed León Alesanco Maestro, also known as Brother Luis Gonzaga and Lleó Alesanco i Maestro, was a Benedictine priest in the Subiaco Congregation. He was born on 22 May 1882 in San Millán de la...

Blessed Leonard Of Cava

Feast: August 18

Blessed Leonard of Cava, also known as Leonardo, was a Benedictine monk and the Abbot of La Trinita de La Cava Abbey in 1232. He served in this role for over two decades, demonstrating his...

Blessed Leoncio Ibáñez Caballero

Feast: August 28

Blessed Leoncio Ibáñez Caballero, also known as Lorenzo, was born on 11 September 1911 in Cubillejo de Lara, a village in Burgos, Spain. He was a dedicated member of the Benedictine Solesmes...

Blessed Limbania

Feast: June 16

Blessed Limbania was born in the late 12th century to a wealthy and noble family in Cyprus. Despite her family's efforts to arrange a proper marriage for her, Limbania felt a strong call to religious...

Blessed Lluis Casanovas Vila

Feast: July 28

Blessed Lluis Casanovas Vila, also known as Brother Hildebrand Maria, was a revered Catholic figure and a member of the Benedictine Subiaco Congregation. He was born on 23 January 1918 in Hostalets...

Blessed Lorenzo Santolaria Ester

Feast: August 5

Blessed Lorenzo Santolaria Ester, also known as Blessed Lorenzo Santolaria, was a Benedictine monk in the Solesmes Congregation who was martyred during the Spanish Civil War. He was born on April 20,...

Blessed Lorenzo Sobrevia Cañardo

Feast: August 28

Blessed Lorenzo Sobrevia Cañardo, also known as Lorenzo Sobrevia, was a devout monk and member of the Benedictine Solesmes Congregation. He was born on April 16, 1874, in Huesca, Spain, and dedicated...

Blessed Louisfrançois Lebrun

Feast: August 20

Blessed Louisfrançois Lebrun was a Benedictine Maurist priest who lived during the turbulent period of the French Revolution. He was born on April 4, 1744, in Rouen, Seine-Maritime,...

Blessed Luis Palacios Lozano

Feast: November 30

Blessed Luis Palacios Lozano, also known as Lluís Palacios i Lozano, was a Benedictine priest in the Subiaco Congregation who was martyred during the Spanish Civil War. He is remembered for his...

Blessed Luis Vidaurrázaga González

Feast: December 31

Blessed Luis Vidaurrázaga González, also known as Father Luis Vidaurrázaga, was born on 13 September 1901 in Bilbao, Spain. He was a Benedictine monk belonging to the Solesmes Congregation, known for...

Blessed Macarius The Scot

Feast: January 6

Blessed Macarius The Scot, also known as Macarius of the Scots Monastery, Macarius of Würzburg, and Macario, was a Benedictine monk who lived in the 12th century. He was born in Ireland in the 11th...

Blessed Margaret Of Faenza

Feast: August 26

Blessed Margaret of Faenza, also known as Margarita of Faenza, Margherita of Faenza, or Marguerite of Faenza, was a Benedictine Vallumbrosan nun who lived in the 14th century in Italy. She was born...

Blessed Margaret Of Hohenfels

Feast: December 26

Blessed Margaret of Hohenfels, also known as Margarita, Margherita, or Marguerite, was a noblewoman born into a prominent family. While her exact date of birth is unknown, she came into this world...

Blessed Maria Anna Rosa Caiani

Feast: August 8

Blessed Maria Anna Rosa Caiani, also known as Maria Margherita, was born on 2 November 1863 in Poggio a Caiano, Florence, Italy. From a young age, Maria felt a strong call to religious life and...

Blessed Mariano Palau Sin

Feast: August 28

Blessed Mariano Palau Sin, also known as Anselmo, was born on August 9, 1902, in Torres del Obispo, Huesca, Spain. He was a devout Catholic priest and a member of the Benedictine Solesmes...

Blessed Mariano Sierra Almázor

Feast: August 9

Blessed Mariano Sierra Almázor was a Benedictine priest in the Solesmes Congregation who was martyred during the Spanish Civil War. He was born on 25 February 1869 in Alquézar, Huesca, Spain, and...

Blessed Marino Of Cava

Feast: December 15

Blessed Marino of Cava, also known as Marino of Cava dei Tirreni, was a Benedictine monk and a spiritual student of Blessed Falco of Cava. He was born in an unknown year and dedicated his life to...

Blessed Martín Donamaría Valencia

Feast: August 28

Blessed Martín Donamaría Valencia, also known as Rosendo, was a devout Catholic who dedicated his life to the service of God and the Church. He was born on November 3, 1909, in San Martín de Unx,...

Blessed Matthew Of Albano

Feast: December 25

Blessed Matthew of Albano, also known as Matthew of Thury, was a renowned figure in the Catholic Church during the 12th century. Born in an unknown year, Matthew dedicated his life to serving God and...

Blessed Meingosus Of Weingarten

Feast: April 2

Blessed Meingosus of Weingarten, also known as Megingaud or Meingos, was a Benedictine monk and the Abbot of Weingarten Abbey in Swabia, which is located in modern-day Germany. He assumed the role of...

Blessed Milo Of Fontenelle

Feast: August 18

Blessed Milo of Fontenelle, also known as Milo of Breteuil, was born to the Frankish nobility in the early 8th century. Little is known about his early life, including his exact date of birth....

Blessed Nicholas Giustiniani

Feast: November 21

Blessed Nicholas Giustiniani, born in the early 12th century in Venice, Italy, belonged to the noble Giustiniani family. He began his religious journey as a Benedictine monk at the monastery of San...

Blessed Nicolò Of San Bernardo

Feast: February 12

Blessed Nicolò Of San Bernardo, a devoted monk of the Benedictine Order, dedicated his early religious life at the Abbey of Gembloux in Belgium. Driven by a profound spiritual discernment and a...

Blessed Notkar Balbulus

Feast: April 6

Blessed Notkar Balbulus, also known as Notkar the Stammerer, Notkar of Saint Gall, Notker, and Notkero, was a highly accomplished Benedictine monk, priest, poet, musician, teacher, writer, historian,...

Blessed Octavian Of Savona

Feast: August 6

Blessed Octavian of Savona, also known as Ottaviano, was born around the year 1060 in Quingey, in the diocese of Besancon, France. He came from a noble family and was the brother of Pope Saint...

Blessed Odilo Of Stavelot

Feast: January 1

Blessed Odilo of Stavelot, also known as Odilon or Odo, was a Benedictine monk and the esteemed abbot of the renowned monastery of Stavelot-Malmédy Abbey in Belgium. Though not much information is...

Blessed Odo Of Beauvais

Feast: January 28

Blessed Odo of Beauvais, also known simply as Odo, was born in the year 801 in Beauvais, Picardy, France. In his youth, Odo aspired to pursue a career in the military and initially served as a...

Blessed Ogerius

Feast: September 10

Blessed Ogerius, also known as Ogler, Oglerio, or Oglerius, was a Benedictine Cistercian monk who served as an abbot at Locedio in the diocese of Vercelli, Italy. He lived during the 13th century and...

Blessed Otto Of Heidelberg

Feast: December 28

Blessed Herman of Heidelberg, also known as Herman of Niederaltaich, was a Benedictine monk who lived in the 14th century. Not much is known about his early life, including his birthdate, but he is...

Blessed Paganus

Feast: February 10

Blessed Paganus, also known as Paganus of Sicily, was a Benedictine monk who lived in the early 15th century. Born in Italy, in a place not specified, he dedicated his life to a deeply spiritual and...

Blessed Palumbus Of Subiaco

Feast: January 4

Blessed Palumbus Of Subiaco, also known as Palumbus di Subiaco, was a Benedictine monk and priest who resided in the abbey of Subiaco, Italy, during the Middle Ages. While specific details about his...

Blessed Pere Vallmitjana Abarca

Feast: February 15

Blessed Pere Vallmitjana Abarca, also known as Pere Vallmitjana i Abarca, was a Catholic priest and member of the Benedictine Subiaco Congregation. He was born on May 19, 1875, in Barcelona, Spain....

Blessed Pere Vilar Espona

Feast: July 28

Blessed Pere Vilar Espona, also known as Brother Narcís Maria and Brother Narcís Maria Vilar i Espona, was a member of the Benedictine Subiaco Congregation. He is regarded as a martyr, having been...

Blessed Peter Igneus

Feast: February 8

Blessed Peter Igneus, also known as Peter Aldobrandini, Peter Mezzobarbo, Peter of Pavia, Peter of the Fire, Peter the Fire-Tried, and Pietro Igneo, was born into the Italian nobility. He dedicated...

Blessed Peter Ii Of La Cava

Feast: March 13

Blessed Peter II of La Cava, also known as Pietro, was a Benedictine monk and an influential figure in the religious and political landscape of his time. He was born in 12th-century Italy and...

Blessed Peter Of Juilly

Feast: June 23

Blessed Peter of Juilly, also known as Peter of Jully, was a renowned Benedictine monk and preacher, who is remembered for his close association with Saint Stephen Harding and his dedicated service...

Blessed Peter Of Subiaco

Feast: December 31

Blessed Peter of Subiaco, also known as Peter of Monticello, was a Benedictine monk and the abbot of the monastery of Subiaco, located in Italy. Very little is known about his early life, including...

Blessed Philip Powel

Feast: June 30

Blessed Philip Powel, also known as Philip Morgan, Philip Powell, or Philip Prosser, was born on 2 February 1594 in Tralon, Brecknockshire, England. He was the son of Roger and Catherine Powel. After...

Blessed Ponzio Of Villeneuve

Feast: March 5

Blessed Ponzio of Villeneuve, also known as Ponce, was a Benedictine monk and served as the abbot of the Abbey of Sant’André in Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France from 1063 to 1087. Born in an unknown...

Blessed Rabanus Maurus

Feast: February 4

Blessed Rabanus Maurus, also known as Hrabanus Maurus, Maurus Magnentius Rabanus, Reabanus Maurus, or Rhabanus Maurus, was born in 776 in Mainz, Germany. He grew up in the abbey in Fulda, where he...

Blessed Rafael Alcocer Martínez

Feast: October 5

Blessed Rafael Alcocer Martínez was born on October 29, 1889, in Madrid, Spain. He grew up in a devout Catholic family and felt a calling to religious life from a young age. After completing his...

Blessed Ragenfreda

Feast: October 8

Blessed Ragenfreda, daughter of the noble Count Adalbert and Countess Reine of Hainaut (in the region now spanning northern France and Belgium), entered the monastic life as a Benedictine nun. Born...

Blessed Ralph De La Futaye

Feast: August 16

Blessed Ralph De La Futaye, also known as Ralph de Flageio, Radulfo, and Rodolfo, was a renowned Benedictine monk who played a significant role in the establishment of new houses and monasteries in...

Blessed Ramón Sanz De Galdeano Mañeru

Feast: August 28

Blessed Ramón Sanz De Galdeano Mañeru, also known as Ramiro, was a priest and member of the Benedictine Solesmes Congregation. He was born on 30 August 1910 in Villatuerta, Navarra, Spain. From a...

Blessed Raoul Of Vaucelles

Feast: December 30

Blessed Raoul of Vaucelles, also known as Radulphe, Ralph, Raul, or Rodulphe, was a Benedictine Cistercian monk and spiritual student of Saint Bernard at Clairvaux Abbey. He was sent by Bernard to...